Natural resources
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Earth's crust contains large deposits of fossil fuels: (coal,
petroleum, natural gas, methane clathrate). These deposits are used
by humans both for energy production and as feedstock for chemical
production.
Mineral ore bodies have been formed in Earth's crust by the action
of erosion and plate tectonics. These bodies form concentrated
sources for many metals and other useful elements.
Earth's biosphere produces many useful biological products,
including (but far from limited to) food, wood, pharmaceuticals,
oxygen, and the recycling of many organic wastes. The land-based
ecosystem depends upon topsoil and fresh water, and the oceanic
ecosystem depends upon dissolved nutrients washed down from the
land. |
Some of these resources, such as mineral fuels, are difficult to
replenish on a short time scale, called non-renewable resources. The
exploitation of non-renewable resources by human civilization has
become a subject of significant controversy in modern
environmentalism movements.
Land use
Arable land: 10%
Permanent crops: 1%
Permanent pastures: 26%
Forests and woodland: 32%
Urban areas: 1.5%
Other: 30% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 2,481,250 km2 (1993 est.)
Natural and environmental hazards
Large areas are subject to extreme weather such as (tropical
cyclones), hurricanes, or typhoons that dominate life in those
areas. Many places are subject to earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis,
volcanic eruptions, tornadoes, sinkholes, floods, droughts, and
other calamities and disasters.
Large areas are subject to man-made pollution of the air and water,
acid rain and toxic substances, loss of vegetation (overgrazing,
deforestation, desertification), loss of wildlife, species
extinction, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion, and
introduction of invasive species.
Long-term climate alteration due to enhancement of the greenhouse
effect by human industrial carbon dioxide emissions is an increasing
concern, the focus of intense study and debate. |
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